Impact of
Addiction (Alcohol and Smoking) on Glaucoma
Dr. Rakesh Shori, Dr. (Mrs.) Chhaya Shori
Govt. Medical College, Jagdalpur
(CG)
*Corresponding Author E-mail: drrakesh.shori@gmail.com,
drchhaya.shori@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Aims and
Objective:
To evaluate the impact of addiction
specifically alcoholism and smoking on Glaucoma occurrence.
Material and
Methods:
The study was carried out in a tertiary
health care hospital, part of a medical institution. The patients attended the
OPD as well as hospitalized were taken as sample. Tools used for this purpose
were interview schedule various modern diagnostic technique as well as particular
investigations etc.
Pro-statistics:
The data collected were tabulated and
various statistical method were applied as per requirement.
Observation and
Discussion:
On analysis of this data it was noticed that
8.69 percent patients suffering from Glaucoma gave history of alcoholism and
15.2% that of smoking which were more or less in accordance of various studies
conducted by various researches across the Globe.
Recommendation:
Authors personally feel that more and more
studies with a large number of cases must be carried out to know the
association between Glaucoma to alcoholism and smoking.
KEYWORDS: Addiction, Alcoholism, Smoking.
INTRODUCTION:
India is a second largest country of the
Globe as per population. Health problems affecting India’s inhabitants are a
significant cause of global morbidity. Smoking hubble-
bubble is a social custom in some parts of the country, cigarette smoking is
now become wide among people.
Hubeen noted not only in India but also in other country, Reddi and D.S. et al. [2]
Alcohol has been used for confusion to
obtain relief from discomfort and tension. An average adult can metabolize
about 2 ounce of pure alcohol in 24 hours. Sign of intoxication appear when the
blood concentration exceed 0.2 percent. It is difficult to draw a line of
demarcation between drinking of alcohol on a social habit and as a medical problem.
A person should be considered alcohol, if
his drinking interferes with physical and mental health. Disorders develop
through stapes. Frequency and quantity imperceptibly increase with inability to
abstain. Memory and concentration become poor. Complication usually develop in
the fourth and fifth decade. Physical sign include tremors, evidence of peripheral
neuritis, enlarged liver, irritability and respiratory symptoms. Taking into
consideration the above facts, the author have undertaken this study with the
objective to evaluate the impact of alcoholism and smoking in causation of
Glaucoma.
Material and Methods:
This study was carried out in a tertiary
health care hospital associated with medical institute. The sample include the
patient attended the OPD as well as those were admitted for treatment. A
detailed history was taken with special focus on personal history of alcoholism
and smoking. Routine medical examination including recording of blood pressure
etc. was done. A detailed history about various symptoms such as diminution of
vision, night blindness, frequent changes of presbiopic
glasses, headache, coloured haloes, pain, watering
and redness of Eyes was obtained either from patient or his attendant. A
complete checkup of both eyes were done- visual acuity for literate person was
taken with the help of Snellens chart and in
illiterate patient with Landolt’s ring chart. Slit
lamp examination was done in all cases. Fundus
examination of both eyes was done to exclude any changes of the optic nerve
head like cup/ disc ratio, rim/ dise ratio, depth of
cup, notch, nasal shifting of blood vessels, Glaucomatous optic atrophy,
hemorrhage and peripapillary atrophy.
Water drinking
test:
It is based on the theory that
Glaucomatous eyes have a greater response to water drinking test after an 8
hours fast. Base line IOP was noted and the patient was asked to drink one litre of water following which IOP was noted every 15
minutes for one hour. The maximum rise
in IOP occurs in 15-30 minutes and return to baseline level after 60 minute in
both normal and Glaucomatous eyes. A rise of 8 mmHg or more is said to be
diagnosis of POAG.
Prone Darkroom
test:
It is the most popular and best
physiological provocative test for PACG suspects. In this test a baseline IOP
was recorded and patient was made to lie prone in a dark room for one hour.
Patient was kept awake so that pupils remained dilated. After one hour the IOP
was again measured. An increase in IOP more than 8mmHg was considered diagnosis
of PACG.
Observations and Discussion:
On analysis of collected data it was observed
that 22.00 percent of the patient belonging to 46-55 years of age group were
addicted to alcohol while 14.00 percent of the patient addicted to alcohol
belong to 66-75 age group (Table-I) which correlate with the findings of the
various study that complication of alcoholism seems to be appeared in the forth or fifth decade of life.
Table –I-Alcohol Addiction and Glaucoma
|
Age in Years |
Patient (Glaucoma No.) |
Alcohol Addict |
|
|
No |
Percentage |
||
|
36-45 |
01 |
00 |
00.00 |
|
46-55 |
09 |
02 |
22.00 |
|
56-
65 |
20 |
00 |
00.00 |
|
66-75 |
14 |
02 |
14.00 |
|
75+ |
01 |
00 |
00.00 |
Table – II-Smoking and Glaucoma
|
Age in Years |
Patient (Glaucoma No.) |
Smoking |
||
|
No. |
Percentage |
|||
|
36-45 |
01 |
00 |
00.00 |
|
|
46-55 |
09 |
02 |
22.00 |
|
|
56-
65 |
20 |
00 |
15.00 |
|
|
66-75 |
14 |
02 |
14.00 |
|
|
75+ |
01 |
00 |
00.00 |
|
Table- II shows that 22.00 percent 15.00
percent and 14.00 percent patients were diagnosed as POAG belong to 46-55, 56-65
and 66-75 age group respectively has history to smoking of which shows that
smoking develop complication from forth decade onwards.
Kliein, B.E.K. et al [3] studied on
persons of 43 to 84 years of age alcohol and smoking history were based on question. The prevalence of
glaucoma in heavy drinkers, whether current or past was contrasted with those
not reporting heavy drinking.
Health education must be an integral part
to eliminate this habit of alcoholism and smoking. In health education special
emphasis should be paid to teenagers who should be told about the risk of
dangers of smoking and alcoholism through pamplets
and other mass communication methods.
The purpose of education has been defined
as teaching the child is to “The fullest, trust, noblest and most
fruitful relations of which he capable with the world in which he lives.” It
should be given to children as they growup, by their
parents, teachers, who should answer their questions honestly and thankly. Discussion in small groups in school and youth
clubs (Yuva Mandalis) with
an appropriate discussion leading to great advantage.
From above observation and discussion the
author reached to the conclusion that more and more such studies particularly
field based in urban and rural area must
be conducted to analyze the information related to the subjects concerned and
act accordingly.
References:
1. Park, JE: Textbook of preventing
and social/ medicine (A textbook on community health) M/s Banarsi
Das Bhanot/ 1st edition, Jabalpur.
2. Reddy D.D. et al (1957) Jr. Med.
Sci. 11, 791.
3. Klein, Barbara E.K. et al
Relationship of drinking alcohol and smoking to prevalence of open angle
Glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1993, 100: 1609-1613.
Received
on 18.05.2015 Modified
on 30.05.2015
Accepted
on 10.06.2015 ©A&V Publications All right reserved
Res.
J. Pharmacology & P’dynamics. 7(2): April- June
2015; Page 74-75
DOI: 10.5958/2321-5836.2015.00015.4